BIOLOGIA SUBTERRÂNEA
URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://bdc.icmbio.gov.br/handle/cecav/3
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Item From the front door to the basement: Invertebrate communities' structure as a proxy for determining cave zonation in Neotropics(2024-06-25) Reis-Venâncio, Paulo C.; Ferreira, Rodrigo L.; Souza-Silva, MarconiIn caves, the absence of natural light in deeper regions starkly contrasts with the entrance areas, which still exhibit a light gradient extending into the cave interior. This interplay with the structural gradient of the environment potentially exerts distinct influences on invertebrate communities residing in different cave light zones. To investigate this, we formulated a hypothesis positing that communities within distinct cave light zones respond differently to habitat structure and microclimatic conditions. Our approach involved a spatial multi-scale sampling of invertebrates and the application of statistical analyses to contrast the responses of communities inhabiting photic and aphotic zones. Photic zone richness is influenced by factors such as air moisture, resource availability, root presence, and shelter diversity. In contrast, the richness of communities in aphotic zones is shaped by resource availability, the presence of roots, branches, and distance from the cave entrance. As expected, the richness in the photic zone surpasses that of the deeper regions, highlighting the challenges faced by invertebrates attempting to establish themselves in the aphotic zone. The species composition of faunal communities varied predictably from the entrance to the aphotic zone, and the three most important factors driving this variation were geographic distance, humidity, and distance from the entrance. The composition between these cave zones differs significantly, primarily due to the high number of obligate cave species predominantly inhabiting the aphotic region. Indeed, communities associated with different cave zones exhibit distinct responses to resource, microclimatic, and structural variables.Item xploring uncharted waters: insights into groundwater zooplankton of the Brazilian semiarid region.(2024-07-11) Carolina Teixeira Puppin-Gonçalves; Diego Medeiros Bento; Gilmar Perbiche-Neves; Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira; Marconi Souza-Silva; Vanessa Becker; Juliana Déo DiasThe subterranean environments of the Caatinga drylands (Brazilian biome) host a diverse array of aquatic systems and diversity, comprising both lentic and lotic ecosystems. Species diversity in these environmnts has been overlooked and remains poorly understood, especially regarding zooplankton. We studied the species richness and composition of zooplankton living in groundwater of the Caatinga drylands and explored how they vary in relation to habitat type (lentic and lotic) by testing two hypotheses: (1) species richness, gamma diversity, and zooplankton density are higher in lentic environments and (2) zooplankton species composition differs between habitat types. We sampled 12 lentic and lotic groundwater environments quarterly for 2 years, and identified 100 species of zooplankton in groundwater environments, including testate amoebae (50 species), Rotifera (25 species), Copepoda (16 species), and Cladocera (9 species). Rotifer species richness and copepod density differed between lentic and lotic habitats, as did zooplankton composition. Additionally, each habitat was found to harbor distinct indicator species based on their ecology and morphological characteristics. These findings contribute to current understanding of groundwater biodiversity and ecology, providing support for freshwater and speleological management and conservation programs.Item New cave species of Cyphoderus Nicolet and Pararrhopalites Bonet & Tellez (Hexapoda, Collembola) from Caatinga biome, Brazil(2024-06-27) SOUZA, PAOLLA GABRYELLE CAVALCANTE DE; MEDEIROS, GLEYCE DA SILVA; BENTO, DIEGO DE MEDEIROS; ZEPPELINI, DOUGLAS; BELLINI, BRUNO CAVALCANTEIn recent years, surveys have revealed a high diversity of troglophilic and troglobitic species of Brazilian Collembola, mainly represented by the Entomobryidae and Sminthuridae, which hold some representative genera in Brazilian caves such as Cyphoderus Nicolet and Pararrhopalites Bonet & Tellez. Here we describe in detail two new species of these genera sampled from caves of the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Cyphoderus caatinguensis sp. nov. is similar to other Neotropical species of the tridenticulati group, but it is unique by the combination of labial chaetotaxy, ungues with a filamentous apical tooth and number of feathered chaetae on the dorsal face of the dens. Pararrhopalites iataganii sp. nov. differs from other Neotropical species of the genus especially by the number of subsegments of the fourth antennomere, number of cephalic spines, manubrium chaetotaxy and ventral dens formula. Recognition of these species enhances our understanding of the subterranean fauna in the Neotropics, and their identification may support future conservation policies for caves of the Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil.Item Is banning Persistent Organic Pollutants efficient? A quantitative and qualitative systematic review in bats(2024-07-11) Monteiro-Alves, Priscila Stéfani; Lourenço, Elizabete Captivo; Meire, Rodrigo Ornellas; Bergallo, Helena GodoyAmong the several noxious characteristics of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a low environmental degradation rate, as they remain in the environment for decades. One of the measures adopted to mitigate environmental contamination is the imposition of bans and restrictions to several chemical compounds. But are bans being efficient to reduce the amount of such chemicals in the environment? In this systematic review, we analyzed the efficacy of banning POPs using bats as biomonitors in terrestrial habitats. Although bats provide relevant ecosystem services, these animals are highly exposed to chemical organic pollutants such as POPs due to their feeding and behavioral habits. POP concentrations were observed in biological tissues of bats in the genus Myotis (United States), with levels decreasing over the years since the ban. We also noticed a shortage of studies in neotropical regions, where the information gap on several POPs in tropical systems is still a concern in terms of history and intensive use of these toxic chemicals. Few studies were found on emerging POPs or on POPs recently included in the Stockholm Convention. Besides, the specimens in the analyses in the studies reviewed were not separated by sex or age, which may conceal the potential risk of POPs to the conservation of bat populations. We recommend that future research extends beyond chronic POP contamination in bats to also include risk assessment trials, as wild populations may be affected in the long-term, as well as their role in the ecosystem and the economy, requiring long-term studies.Item Aspectos tafonômicos e icnológicos de mamíferos quaternários em ambientes deposicionais de cavernas da Bahia(2024-06-21) Silva, Laís Alves; Araújo Júnior, Hermínio Ismael de; Barbosa, Fernando Henrique de Souza; Campos, Alexandre Liparini; Oliveira, Edison Vicente; Porpino, Kleberson de Oliveira; Trifilio, Lucas Henrique Medeiros da Silva; Silva, Rafael Costa daA presente tese tem como objetivo elucidar aspectos tafonômicos e icnológicos dos fósseis de mamíferos do Quaternário encontrados em cavernas do estado da Bahia, Brasil, visando contribuir para o aprimoramento do conhecimento dos processos de preservação desses fósseis em ambiente cárstico. Foram investigadas três cavernas quanto aos aspectos tafonômicos e duas cavernas quanto aos aspectos icnológicos. A amostra analisada compreende 2042 fósseis de mamíferos depositados nas coleções do Laboratório de Ecologia e Geociências do Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, e do Laboratório de Paleontologia do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Para atender aos objetivos propostos, foram elaborados quatro artigos científicos que compõem os capítulos desta tese. Em cada artigo, os resultados obtidos são correlacionados com diferentes aspectos dos fósseis e seu contexto deposicional. Os capítulos 4 e 6 abordam as características tafonômicas dos depósitos das cavernas Toca da Barriguda, Gruta do Engrunado e Poço Azul. As análises revelaram semelhanças entre as cavernas e dentro de cada uma delas em relação às feições bioestratinômicas de intemperismo, corrosão e impregnação. As diferenças observadas estão relacionadas à integridade física, transporte, incrustação, processos biogênicos e composição faunística da tanatocenose. Espécimes completos preservados in situ sem sinais de transporte e características de transporte curto foram observados em todas as cavernas, sugerindo um modelo de acumulação mista do tipo in situ/periférica. O capítulo 5 discute os aspectos icnológicos dos fósseis provenientes das cavernas Toca da Barriguda e Gruta dos Brejões. Os traços fósseis foram atribuídos às icnoespécies Cubiculum inornatus e Karethraichnus kulindros, possivelmente produzidos por larvas de besouros dermestídeos durante a pupação. A análise icnológica e a interpretação tafonômica sugerem que as carcaças não foram enterradas imediatamente após a morte, permanecendo em exposição subaérea e resultando na fase seca de decomposição. Por fim, o capítulo 7 apresenta contribuições paleobiológicas da espécie Myrmecophaga tridactyla com base em características paleopatológicas. A lesão observada na ulna do animal foi causada por uma queda significativa de altura com a mão esticada e força rotativa. O desenvolvimento de um calo ósseo indica uma resposta reparadora avançada. Sugere-se que o animal caiu de uma elevação, sofreu a lesão, passou por um processo avançado de cicatrização e buscou abrigo na caverna, de onde não conseguiu escapar. Os resultados desta tese contribuem para a compreensão dos processos de deposição e preservação de fósseis em ambientes cársticos, além de oferecerem novos insights sobre a paleoecologia e paleobiologia dos mamíferos da região.Item Expanding the range of the troglobitic millipede Pseudonannolene ambuatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013: insights into its distribution and conservation status (Spirostreptida, Pseudonannolenidae)(2024-06-10) Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti ; Oliveira, Marcus Paulo ; Brescovit, Antonio ; Bouzan, Rodrigo SalvadorPseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 (Spirostreptida, Pseudonannolenidae) is one of the most common genera of millipedes in Brazilian caves. To date, only three troglobitic species are known in a list of 56 species described for the genus. In this study, we report new records of the cave-dwelling species Pseudonannolene ambuatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013 in Minas Gerais state. These records extend its distribution by approximately 600 km2, making it the most widely distributed cave-dwelling millipede in the country. We also provide a new assessment of its conservation status based on the records and threats to its populations.Item Iron Islands: the importance of iron caves in the eastern Amazon for bat conservation(2024-06-03) Torres, Dayana Ferreira; Bichuette, Maria ElinaThe Carajás region is home to the largest number of iron caves in Brazil, but studies that integrate elements of biological diversity and landscape characteristics are scarce. We present the first study based on the bat cave vulnerability index (BCVI), which uses bats as a key species for prioritizing caves in South America, whose objective was to assess the biotic potential and vulnerability of caves in the Carajás region, determining priority sites and the most effective conservation actions. The study took place from August 2021 to March 2023, where an inventory of the chiropterofauna of 12 caves was carried out. We recorded 16 bat species, two of which are vulnerable to extinction – Furipterus horrens (Cuvier, 1828) and Natalus macrourus (Gervais, 1856) – and two endemics to the Amazon region – Hsunycteris aff. thomasi (Allen, 1904) and Phyllostomus latifolius (Thomas, 1901); as well as one species with insufficient data to delimit its endemicity or threat status (Lonchophyllinae sp.). Mining is the main anthropogenic activity in the region, but tourism is also present and acts as a potential source of disturbance to the caves. The BCVI revealed three high priority caves for conservation and four with medium priority, indicating that these habitats are vulnerable to species loss and population decline due to exposure to anthropogenic activities and habitat destruction, thus requiring more effective conservation strategies. Considering the uniqueness of the subterranean habitats, we recommend re-evaluating the proposals for expanding mining activities, implementing controlled tourist visitation plans and conducting ecological studies and long-term monitoring.Item My cave, my rules: specialization, modularity, and topology of bat-fly interactions in hot and cold caves from eastern South America(2024-05-24) Urbieta, Gustavo Lima; Tavares, Valéria da CunhaCaves provide relatively stable and advantageous roosting sites for bats compared to more open roosts, like tree foliage. This environment may have the drawback of facilitating interactions with their ectoparasites due to the confined spaces. Understanding the structure of interactions between bats, acting as hosts, and bat flies, serving as parasites in cave ecosystems, is a crucial first step in deciphering the roles of each species (pullers and pushers) within the networks that form in subterranean ecosystems. Here, we describe and evaluate the network structures of bat-fly interactions in two distinct cave systems: cold caves (n = 10), also known as bat caves, and hot caves (n = 6). Based on the records of 700 bats from 16 species and 1.412 bat flies from 30 species we uncovered highly distinct topologies comparing hot and cold bat caves that differed also in terms of interactions, specializations, and modularity. We found relatively lower specialization and modularity in hot caves compared to the cold caves, which may be associated to the bat composition and the cave microclimate. Bat flies were highly species-specific in relation to their bat hosts and dependent on the bats in both hot and cold caves systems. The differences in network structure and at the species level between the bat (cold) and hot caves systems suggest that bat-fly interactions are shaped by the host species' composition and by the cave system type. Those differences stem from each bat species' adaptation to extreme cave microclimates and their species-specific roosting behaviors.Item Patrimônio geomorfológico brasileiro: análise das publicações sobre inventários de geomorfossítios(2024) Mazzucato, Eliana; Mucivuna, Vanessa Costa; Toledo, Denise de La Corte Bacci; Garcia, Maria da Glória MottaItem The role of turnover in structuring subterranean aquatic communities in Southeastern Brazil(2024) Zepon, Tamires; Bichuette, Maria ElinaSimilarly to other animal communities, the diversity of subterranean aquatic fauna is influenced by several factors and processes, such as habitat fragmentation, dispersion, environmental heterogeneity, and physical and chemical water characteristics. Here, we studied cave aquatic communities of the Alto Ribeira hydrographic basin, regarding troglobitic and non-troglobitic species, located in a single karst area to evaluate the influence of sub-basins in fauna differentiation. We investigated how abiotic variables (flow, electrical conductivity, temperature, pH, and substrate) influence the fauna composition and the contribution of beta diversity components (nestedness and turnover) in explaining communities’ dissimilarities. Fauna composition differed between sub-basins, as most species did not co-occur in different caves. Caves with higher flow and substrate diversity were the richest. In addition, each cave community was influenced by a unique set of abiotic variables. Dissimilarity among caves was mainly explained by turnover, and our findings suggest the restricted species distribution could be due to ecological (e.g., limited dispersion capacity, tolerance to abiotic variables), hydrogeological (e.g., dispersion barriers, isolation of sub-basins), and historical (e.g.,colonization, paleoclimatic events) factors and processes. Therefore, different elements are responsible for determining the composition of cave aquatic communities in different sub-basins, reflecting the variability within a single karst area.