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Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Répteis e Anfíbios
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Item Procedure for Collecting Gastric Contents in Giant Amazon Turtles Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812)(Testudines, Podocnemididae)(Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 2024-09-12)describes a method for collecting gastric contents from giant Amazon turtles (Podocnemis expansa) for research and conservation purposes. The procedure involves immobilizing the turtle on its back for the collection. A "mouth opener," made of a plastic tube with a flexible part, is used to keep the turtle's beak open while a flexible probe is introduced. After injecting a sterile saline solution and air, the gastric contents are aspirated. The size of the mouth opener and probe must be adjusted to avoid injury, and the volume of liquid must match the stomach’s capacity. This method, developed by the research team, effectively helps in identifying parasites and infectious microorganisms.Item Occasional herpetofaunal introductions into and from the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil.(Spixiana, 2023) Toledo, Luís Felipe; Zanotti, Alexandre P.; Bezerra, Lisandra Maria de Lima Silva; Abrahão, Carlos; Lisboa, Cybele SabinoInvasive species are on the rise. It is a global problem and early detections of alien species may be the key to control and eradicate potentially invasive popula tions. Thus, we gathered information of amphibian and reptile species that were introduced to or from the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, in the northeast of Brazil. We found that at least one lizard species, Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825), may be recently establishing a population in Fernando de Noronha main island, and the endemic skink from Fernando de Noronha, Trachylepis atlantica (Schmidt, 1945), may be establishing a breeding population in Recife, mainland Brazil. Ad ditional cases of accidental or intentional transport of amphibians and reptiles to or from the archipelago that apparently did not lead to the establishment of allo chthonous populations have also been detected and are reported herein. We sug gest stronger surveillance at the ports of the archipelago to prevent further inva sions or evasionsItem Notícias de Conservação(Herpetologia Brasileira, 2024-09) Pontes, Mariana Retuci; Fontes, Luis Fernando Marin da; Borges-Martins, Márcio; Maneyros, Raúl; Baldo, Diego; Lescano, Julián Norberto; Abadie, Michellea criação de uma aliança internacional para conservar os sapinhos-de-barriga-vermelha (Melanophryniscus), espécies ameaçadas da América do Sul. A proposta foi discutida no X Congresso Brasileiro de Herpetologia e busca coordenar esforços de proteção, inspirada na Iniciativa de Sobrevivência Atelopus. O próximo passo é organizar um workshop para desenvolver um plano de ação e convidar pesquisadores e ONGs para colaborar.Item New records and distribution extension of Acanthochelys macrocephala (Rhodin, Mittermeier & McMorris 1984) in midwestern Brazil.(Cuad. herpetol., 2023) Dorado-Rodrigues, Tainá Figueras; Brito, Elizângela Silva; Silva, Karoline Rodrigues; Valadão, Rafael Martins; Cunha, Fábio Andrew Gomes; Strüssmann, ChristineItem A large scale analysis of threats to the nesting sites of Podocnemis species and the effectiveness of the coverage of these areas by the Brazilian Action Plan for Amazon Turtle Conservation.(Journal for Nature Conservation,, 2021-06) Fagundes, Camila Kurzmann; Fath, Franciele; Cortes, Lara Gomes; Uhlig, Vívian; Andrade, Paulo C´esar Machado; Vogt, Richard Carl; Pezzuti, Juarez Carlos Brito; Marco Júnior, Paulo DeWe evaluated the vulnerability of nesting sites (sandbanks) available to Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis and P. sextuberculata to human threats and the coverage of these areas by a public policy created to conserve turtles. Species distribution models were used to identify potential nesting areas in the Brazilian Amazon, where sandbanks were mapped through satellite imagery. Values of threats (deforestation, mining, dams and density of human communities) were normalized from 0 to 1 and summed in each 100 km2 pixel. We calculated the mean value of threats and sandbanks area for each basin. Basins with the greatest values for those variables were considered as the most vulnerable. We calculated the coverage of turtle nesting sites that have conservation actions in relation to the sandbanks available and if they are located in the most vulnerable basins. The areas of greatest gaps in conservation actions and vulnerability are located in the Tocantins-Araguaia basins and in rivers such as: Branco, Guapor´e, Amazonas, Solimoes, ˜ Madeira, Tapajos ´ and Xingu. Nesting sites included by the public policy covered 15.17 % of the number of basins and about 21 % of total sandbank areas, encompassing 11 % of the most vulnerable basins and 43 % of their sandbanks. We suggest the prioritization of conservation actions in areas of greatest gaps in conservation activities and vulnerability. In addition, we propose the articulation among institutions and the increase of initiatives of community-based conservation management to increase the geographical coverage of the greatest impacted regions.Item Integrative species delimitation and biogeography of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) suggest an intense diversification throughout Amazonia during the last 10 million years(Systematics and Biodiversity, 2024-08-10) FOUQUET, ANTOINE; FERRÃO, MIQUEIAS; RODRIGUES, MIGUEL T.; WERNECK, FERNANDA P.; PRATES, IVAN; MORAES, LEANDRO J.C.L.; HRBEK, TOMAS; CHAPARRO, JUAN C.; LIMA, ALBERTINA P.; PEREZ, RENATA; PANSONATO, ANDRE; CARVALHO, VINICIUS T.; ALMEIDA, ALEXANDRE P.; GORDO, MARCELO; FARIAS, IZENI P.; MILTO, KONSTANTIN D.; ROBERTO, IGOR J.; ROJAS, ROMMEL R.; RON, SANTIAGO R.; GUERRA, VINICIUS; RECODER, RENATO; CAMACHO, AGUSTIN; MAMANI, LUIS; RAINHA, RAISSA N.; AVILA, ROBSON W.The accumulation of studies delimiting species in Amazonia has not only shed light on the patterns of its outstanding species richness but also allowed a better understanding of the processes of diversification within this immense region. Nevertheless, vast knowledge gaps remain even for prominent anuran species complexes, such as the Rhinella margaritifera species group. This clade of toads comprises 23 valid species-level taxa, mainly distributed in Amazonia but also in South America’s Dry Diagonal and Atlantic and trans-Andean rainforests. Species boundaries and taxonomy in this group are notoriously complex, with studies suggesting the existence of several unnamed species. Available phylogenetic information suggests an Andean-western Amazonian origin of the group with subsequent diversification within Amazonian lowlands during the last 10 Myr and secondary dispersals into other Neotropical regions. To further test this biogeographic scenario and improve knowledge on species diversity, we used an unprecedentedly large mtDNA sampling (>800 16S sequences) across the clade’s distribution and comprising all but one described species. We delimited 54 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units, which we tested further based on patterns of variation of a nuclear locus and acoustic and morphological data. This approach confirmed the existence of at least 25 candidate species, 19 of which correspond to currently recognized taxa whereas 30 remained ‘unconfirmed’. Our results clarify the taxonomic status of some species but also suggest multiple introgression events that blur some mtDNA-based species boundaries. Lastly, to provide a temporal framework for the clade’s diversification, we generated a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree based on a mitogenomic matrix, which confirmed a Miocene (∼9 Ma) western Amazonian origin and six major clades in the group, each having initially diversified in different regions within Amazonia. Most of these clades have later dispersed throughout Amazonia during the establishment of the modern Amazonian hydrographic system, i.e., in the last 6 Myr.Item O fogo e a herpetofauna no Pantanal(Biodiversidade Brasileira, 2024) Valencia-Zuleta, Alejandro; Richter, Aline; Alvarenga, Gabriela do Valle; Batista, Flavia Regina de Queiroz; Moreira, Leonardo Felipe Bairos; Arbo-Meneses, Bruna; Lustosa, Ana Paula Gomes; Strüssmann, Christine; Abrahão, Carlos Roberto; Côrtes, Lara GomesO Pantanal vem sofrendo diferentes ameaças ao longo dos anos, as quais têm alterado suas paisagens e prejudicado o pulso de inundação. Desde 2020, uma das maiores preocupações relativas à conservação de biodiversidade do bioma é a mudança do regime de fogo e os impactos dos grandes incêndios. O aumento na frequência e na intensidade de incêndios é uma das ameaças apontadas pela ciência como causa de declínio mundial das populações de anfíbios e répteis. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi descrever os padrões observados na composição, distribuição e história natural das espécies de répteis e anfíbios amostrados durante e após os eventos de incêndio que vêm afetando o Pantanal desde 2020. Além disso, apontamos as dificuldades enfrentadas para estimar o impacto do fogo sobre a herpetofauna local e sugerimos aprimoramentos da metodologia utilizada. Os dados foram obtidos durante seis expedições, realizadas entre 2020 e 2023, em momentos hidrológicos distintos (seca e vazante) e em diferentes circunstâncias de amostragem: emergência e monitoramento. Emergência compreende os registros feitos durante eventos de incêndio e consistiu na contagem de animais mortos; enquanto o monitoramento, aplicado em momentos sem fogo, consistiu na amostragem passiva e ativa de animais vivos. Para cada espécie registrada durante as amostragens buscamos na literatura informações complementares sobre a categoria de risco de extinção, habitat e hábitos. Considerando as expedições e as diferentes metodologias aplicadas, contabilizamos 1708 registros de 45 espécies nos municípios de Barão de Melgaço e Poconé. A riqueza e abundância de anfíbios e répteis responderam de formas diferentes em campanhas emergenciais e no monitoramento. Os anfíbios de grande porte com hábitos terrestres ou semifossoriais, assim como as serpentes aquáticas e semiaquáticas, foram os grupos com maior número de carcaças registradas após os incêndios. Durante o monitoramento, entretanto, avistamentos de serpentes aquáticas foram muito reduzidos. Nesse contexto, destacamos a importância de estudos de monitoramento de longo prazo com metodologias adequadas às condições hidrológicas, grupo taxonômico e ocorrência de incêndios. Helicops boitata, uma espécie de cobra d’água endêmica do Pantanal, foi registrada apenas durante a campanha de contagem de animais mortos nos incêndios de 2020, realizada na estação seca. A recorrência de grandes incêndios na região pode representar forte ameaça para essa e outras espécies com hábitos semelhantes. O monitoramento contínuo de áreas amostradas durante incêndios é de extrema importância para identificar espécies resilientes ou intolerantes ao fogo e fundamental para o desenvolvimento de medidas de conservação adequadas para cada grupo taxonômico.Item Extinction risk evaluation and population size estimation of Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae), a critically endangered insular pitviper species of Brazil.(South American Journal of Herpetology, 2021) Abrahão, Carlos Roberto; Amorim, Ligia Grazzielli; Magalhães, Adriana Melo; Azevedo, Carlos Renato; Grisi-Filho, José Henrique Hildebrand; Dias, Ricardo AugustoThe golden lancehead pitviper (Bothrops insularis) is a critically endangered species endemic to the Queimada Grande Island, a federally protected area located 33 km off the southern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Adults have specialized diet, preying upon migrating birds, and the species' reproductive efficiency is quite lower than its continental related species, B. jararaca. Potential threats to B. insularis include illegal removal, introduction of exotic species or diseases, and catastrophic events such as wildfire. The population size of B. insularis was estimated at 2,899 individuals (CI 95% = 1,903; 4,416) in its forested habitat using distance sampling. This is the first population estimation using 3D area model for a reptile habitat. Bothrops insularis was more sensitive to harvesting of few individuals yearly than a catastrophic event that causes mortality over 95% of the entire population in a 100-year simulation period. Prioritizing conservation efforts of reptile species in Brazil depends on simple yet robust monitoring methods like the one presented here. This study was only made possible through the concatenation of government, management, and scientific interests. Such synergism should be encouraged in conservation policies in Brazil, especially in remote locations.Item Extensive sampling and citizen science expand the distribution of the threatened freshwater turtle Ranacephala hogei (Mertens, 1967)(An Acad Bras Cienc, 2024) Assis, Clodoaldo L.; Valadão, Rafael M.; Mendonça, Sônia Helena S.T. De; Peçanha, Evódio Luis S.; Costa, Henrique C.; Novaes, Camila M.; Barros, Thiago F. De; Rodrigues, Laio S.; Gasparini, João Luiz; Feio, Renato N.Ranacephala hogei is a South American freshwater turtle considered one of the 25 most endangered chelonian species in the world. Endemic to the Atlantic Forest hotspot of southeastern Brazil, the conservation status of R. hogei is subject to continuous assessment at various levels. However, the scarcity of data regarding this species, particularly its geographic range, challenges these evaluations. In an effort to address these gaps, we conducted a comprehensive long-term inventory using different methods to study this species. Our efforts resulted in a 144% increase in documented occurrence points, including a new hydrographic basin and protected areas. By combining historical and current records, we have observed the persistence of R. hogei in rural areas, even in locations where its extinction was previously predicted. Consequently, our data significantly contribute to supporting future conservation assessments.Item Distribuition of Chelus fimbriata and Chelus orinocensis (Testudines: Chelidae)(Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2021-06) CUNHA, FÁBIO A.G.; FAGUNDES, CAMILA K.; BRITO, ELIZÂNGELA S.; VOGT, RICHARD C.; MAFFEI, FÁBIO; PEZZUTI, JUAREZ; FELIX-SILVA6, DANIELY; ROJAS-RUNJAIC, FERNANDO J.M.; LASSO, CARLOS A.; MORALES-BETANCOURT, MONICA A.; CARVALHO, VINICIUS TADEU DE; AMARAL, JOÃO VALSECCHI DO; BALESTRA, RAFAEL A.M.; ACÁCIO, MARIEL; MALVASIO, ADRIANA; LUSTOSA, ANA PAULA G.The matamatas (Chelus fimbriata and the recently described Chelus orinocensis) are the largest species in the family Chelidae, easily identified by their distinct morphological characteristics. The matamatas have a wide distribution in South America, occurring in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, and Venezuela, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. However, there are many gaps in the knowledge of its distribution. The objective of this study was to present new records of occurrence for the C. fimbriata species complex and describe the area of distribution. We compiled data from published papers, databases in museums and other scientific collections, and research institutes and conservation organizations. From these data we mapped the species distribution, considering 3 types of river drainages based on water color in the Amazon Basin. We added 182 new records in Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, demonstrating that the C. fimbriata species complex has a wide distribution, totaling 6,907,551 km2 across all 3 river types. Most records were concentrated in areas lower than 200 m above sea level.