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Item Lack of detection of avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and West Nile viruses in wild birds of northeastern Brazil(Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2018) Lugarini, Camile; Hurtado, Renata; Araujo, Jansen de; Ometto, Tatiana; Thomazelli, Luciano; Seixas, Marina de; Durigon, Edison; Silva, Jean CarlosWe tested 529 wild birds captured in northeastern Brazil for infection by avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and West Nile. Viruses were not detected by real-time PCR with the exception of one Tropical Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea) positive for influenza virus, but this could not be confirmed by viral isolation or gene sequencing. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and West Nile virus (WNV) are significant to animal and public health and may be relevant to the conservation of wild birds worldwide. Despite their importance, few studies of these viruses in wild birds have been conducted in Brazil. The AIV (Orthomyxoviridae) are a global threat to food animal production and distribution systems, as well as to human health, and have been detected in a broad variety of mammals and birds (Salomon and Webster 2009). Aquatic birds are traditionally perceived as the main reservoirs of these viruses; however, recent studies have shown that AIV maintenance is dependent upon complex multiavian systems (Caron et al. 2017). There have been relatively few studies about AIV in Brazil, and to date, only low-pathogenicity AIV strains have been isolated, including an H2N1 strain from a Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla), an H3 strain from a Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), a Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus), and a Semipalmated Sandpiper, and an H11N9 strain from Ruddy Turnstones (Hurtado and Vanstreels 2016). The NDV (Paramyxoviridae), a variant of avian paramyxovirus 1, is classified as either lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic. It is one of the most important viruses of avian species globally, with outbreaks potentially leading to substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Newcastle disease virus was first introduced to Brazil in 1953, and a series of outbreaks was recorded in Brazil during the 1970s and 1980s. It was only in 2003, after stricter control measures and extensive vacci nation campaigns of poultry with attenuated strains were implemented, that the country was recognized as free of pathogenic NDV strains (Orsi et al. 2010). However, serologic studies demonstrate more recent circulation of lentogenic NDV strains in wild and domestic birds (Silva et al. 2006). Lentogenic NDV was detected by real-time PCR in a Sanderling (Calidris alba) and a Semipalmat ed Sandpiper in northeastern Brazil in 2007 (Thomazelli et al. 2012). The WNV (Flaviviridae) is a mosquito borne virus maintained in nature in an enzootic transmission cycle between birds and ornithophilic mosquitoes that infect a range of vertebrate hosts and may have a high impact on human and animal health (McLean and Ubico 2007). Serologic surveys in Brazil have identified equids and chickens seropositive for WNV, but not wild birds, and no studies have obtained positive results in equine and avian hosts through direct diagnostic methods (Ometto et al. 2013). However, the first human case of WNV encephalitis in the country was recorded in 2014 in Piauı State, highlighting the importance of surveillance of the virus in northeastern Brazil (Vieira et al. 2015). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of AIV, NDV, and WNV in wild birds in two morphoclimatic domains in northeastern Brazil: Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. The Caatinga is in a semiarid region with a hot and dry climate, composed of a mosaic of thorn scrub and seasonally dry forest; it harbors about 510 avian species (Silva et al. 2003). The Atlantic Forest is an extensive block of evergreen forests that extend mostly along the coast of Brazil and parts of Paraguay and Argentina, harboring about 620 avian species, of which 29% are endemic (Myers et al. 2000). Despite their remarkable biodiver sity, Caatinga and the northeastern parts of Atlantic Forest have been largely neglected by the scientific community and are underprotected (Silva et al. 2003; Tabarelli et al. 2010), and there is virtually no information on the circulation of AIV, NDV, and WNV in the avian communities of these habitats. From July 2012 to July 2013, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from 529 wild birds (adults and juveniles) from 89 species belonging to 26 families in two protected areas: Guaribas Biological Reserve, an area of coastal Atlantic Forest in Paraıba State (6º43'010''S, 35º11'6''W), and Raso da Catarina a Ecological Station, an area of Caatinga in Bahia State (9º45'47''S, 38º31'26''W. Sampling and sample storage were conducted in accordance with the protocol of Hurtado et al. (2016). All RNAs were extracted using 5x MagMAXe 96 viral isolation kit (AM1836, Applied Biosystems, ThermoFisher Scientific, Foster City, California, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Methodology for viral nucleic acid detection, virus isolation, and sequencing is described by Araujo et al. (2014) for AIV, Thomazelli et al. (2012) for NDV, and Ometto et al. (2013) for WNV. All samples were negative for NDV and WNV, and all but one sample were negative for AIV. The only AIV positive result was obtained from an adult female of Tropical Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea) captured at Raso da Catarina Ecological Station in April 2013 that appeared healthy. The cycle thresh old (CT) value for this sample was 38, which indicates a relatively low concentration of viral RNA. The positive sample was inoculated into 9-d-old specific-pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs; Sanger sequencing of a con served region of 192 base pairs of genomic nonstructural segment was attempted for the PCR-positive sample (Araujo et al. 2014). We could not retrieve AIV by these methods and it was concluded that the sample was negative. This was not surprising, as it is well established that these techniques have limited success when applied to samples with high CT values due to the low quantity of viable virions or the partial degradation of viral RNA (Stallknecht et al. 2012; Hurtado et al. 2016). We were therefore unable to confirm active shedding of AIV, NDV, or WNV in the birds sampled. This does not exclude the circulation of these viruses in the region, as the prevalence of these viruses may vary temporally. Hurtado et al. (2016) reported that, with few exceptions, real-time PCR-positive results were obtained only for species with .100 sampled individuals, possibly an indication that the species sampled in this study may also have been infected but the sample size was too small to allow for detection. In conclusion, Brazil harbors highly diverse avian communities that remain poorly studied for these viruses. Further surveillance efforts to detect these and other avian-borne viruses are therefore necessary, particularly in areas of high avian diversity and endemism.Item Can the intake of antiparasitic secondary metabolites explain the low prevalence of hemoparasites among wild Psittaciformes?(Parasites & Vectors, 2018) Masello, Juan F.; Martínez, Javier; Calderón, Luciano; Wink, Michael; Quillfeldt, Petra; Sanz, Virginia; Theuerkauf, Jörn; Catedral, Luis Ortiz; Berkunsky, Igor; Brunton, Dianne; Luque, José A. Díaz; E. Hauber, Mark; Ojeda, Valeria; Barnaud, Antoine; Casalins, Laura; Jackson, Bethany; Mijares, Alfredo; Rosales, Romel; Seixas, Gláucia; Serafini, Patricia; Iturriza, Adriana Silva; Sipinski, Elenise; Vásquez, Rodrigo A.; Widmann, Peter; Widmann, Indira; Merino, SantiagoParasites can exert selection pressure on their hosts through effects on survival, on reproductive success, on sexually selected ornament, with important ecological and evolutionary consequences, such as changes in population viability. Consequently, hemoparasites have become the focus of recent avian studies. Infection varies significantly among taxa. Various factors might explain the differences in infection among taxa, including habitat, climate, host density, the presence of vectors, life history and immune defence. Feeding behaviour can also be relevant both through increased exposure to vectors and consumption of secondary metabolites with preventative or therapeutic effects that can reduce parasite load. However, the latter has been little investigated. Psittaciformes (parrots and cockatoos) are a good model to investigate these topics, as they are known to use biological control against ectoparasites and to feed on toxic food. We investigated the presence of avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium), intracellular haemosporidians (Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon), unicellular flagellate protozoans (Trypanosoma) and microfilariae in 19 Psittaciformes species from a range of habitats in the Indo-Malayan, Australasian and Neotropical regions. We gathered additional data on hemoparasites in wild Psittaciformes from the literature. We considered factors that may control the presence of hemoparasites in the Psittaciformes, compiling information on diet, habitat, and climate. Furthermore, we investigated the role of diet in providing antiparasitic secondary metabolites that could be used as self-medication to reduce parasite load.Item An overview of migratory birds in Brazil(Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2018) Somenzari, Marina; Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do; Cueto, Victor R.; Guaraldo, André de Camargo; Jahn, Alex E.; Lima, Diego Mendes; Lima, Pedro Cerqueira; Lugarini, Camile; Machado, Caio Graco; Martinez, Jaime; Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do; Pacheco, José Fernando; Paludo, Danielle; Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti; Serafini, Patrícia Pereira; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Sousa, Antônio Emanuel B. A. de; Sousa, Nathália Alves de; Souza, Manuella Andrade de; Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues; Whitney, Bret MyersWe reviewed the occurrences and distributional patterns of migratory species of birds in Brazil. A species was classi fied as migratory when at least part of its population performs cyclical, seasonal movements with high fidelity to its breeding grounds. Of the 1,919 species of birds recorded in Brazil, 198 (10.3%) are migratory. Of these, 127 (64%) were classified as Migratory and 71 (36%) as Partially Migratory. A few species (83; 4.3%) were classified as Vagrant and eight (0,4%) species could not be defined due to limited information available, or due to conflicting data.Item The rarest of the rare: rediscovery and status of the critically endangered Belem Curassow, Crax fasciolata pinima (Pelzeln, 1870)(Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 2018) Alteff, Eduardo França; Gonsioroski, Gustavo; Barreiros, Marcelo; Torres, Leonardo Gabriel C. de Oliveira; Camilo, André Restel; Mozerle, Hugo Borghezan; Sousa, Antônio Emanuel B. A. de; Medolago, César Augusto Bronzatto; Martínez, Carlos; Lima, Diego Mendes; Ubaid, Flávio Kulaif; Mendonça, Eloisa Neves; Tomotani, Barbara Mizumo; Silveira, Luís FábioThe Belem Curassow (Crax fasciolata pinima) is one of the most endangered birds in South America, without sight ings of birds in the wild for 40 years. This subspecies is nationally and internationally classified as critically endangered and close to extinction, suffering from poaching and deforestation in its range. Here we present new records of free-living individu als made on three indigenous lands in Pará and Maranhão states: in part of Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará; in locations within the Reserva Biológica do Gurupi/Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu, Centro Novo do Maranhão, Maranhão; and around the Terra Indígena Rio Pindaré, Alto Alegre do Pindaré, Maranhão. We also provide recommendations to protect this bird via a dedicated conservation program which includes finding new individuals in non-sampled areas (north of BR-222), es timating population size, enhancing taxonomic and natural history knowledge, capturing wild animals in order to start urgent ex situ conservation programs, and developing environmental awareness programs with the local and indigenous populations.